Discuss the theme of love in Shakespeares Romeo Juliet Essay Example

Discuss the theme of love in Shakespeares Romeo Juliet Paper Introduction: In the introduction of my essay I am to explain why Romeo and Juliet is seen as the most famous love story ever told, I shall include some of the adaptations that I know of. Romeo and Juliet is the story of two lovers, who were secretly married and tragically separated; and it involves a deadly potion whose effects when taken by a broken hearted Juliet simulate her death. It is the most famous love story ever told because, the power of this love story says something to each and every generation, a story that will never date or die a timeless piece. Its brilliantly theatrical and features some of the most beautiful poetry ever written. The story also contains many different themes, the bitter family rivalries which creates the theme of war, theirs unsympathetic elders whos authority and advice is neglected by the unfortunate lovers. Many of us can reflect some old enough to see the events in perspectives and some of us young enough to understand the conflict that can arise from others trying to live our lives. The chorus is not a significant character of the play, his job is to basically to introduce the restless audience to the manner and mood of the play, The chorus to Shakespeare would of acted as a modern day programme, it helps to give a brief insight into the play and it also leads us into the civil war between the two noble families. The Elizabethan audience would most probably see the chorus as a type of narrator and once he starts to speak it would grab there attention and bring the restless crowd to silence they would then settle into the appropriate mood for the first scene. We will write a custom essay sample on Discuss the theme of love in Shakespeares Romeo Juliet specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Discuss the theme of love in Shakespeares Romeo Juliet specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Discuss the theme of love in Shakespeares Romeo Juliet specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer After the fight scene we are lead to the second part of Act 1 Sc1 here we learn that Romeo is miserable due to his love-sickness. Romeo is a were of some kind of disturbance in the streets, but he is so infatuated with the emotion called love that he is far from concerned his thoughts are preoccupied with Rosaline. Thinking about love makes him happy and at the same time it makes him sad. He tries to express these two very different states in a number of contradicting phrases which seem illogical for instants; (Feather of lead, bright smoke, cold fire, sick health(. Juliet and her Nurse share a very strong relationship, one that surpasses that of a rich girl and her servant. The nurse acts as Juliets closes companion (friend) and mother. Juliet is comfortable and at ease speaking to the Nurse, This allows Juliet to take her into her confidence when she decides to defy the family feud and marry Romeo. The Nurse holds Juliets happiness so high that she betrays her employer and arranges Juliets marriage and last night with Romeo. The Nurse is immersed in Juliets affairs and strives to help with her plans, this is something that Juliets mother (Lady Capulet) would never be able to do! Over all I would say that the Nurse has a better relationship with Juliet than her own mother. The nurse is also instrumental when it comes to Juliets wedding to Romeo she acts as a messenger from Romeo, Juliet, and the friar. Despite the nurses efforts the plans go array because of the arranged marriage between Juliet and Paris. At this time, the nurse shows her love for Juliet once again. She goes to Juliets defence and stands up to Lord Capulet by saying: God in heaven bless her! You are to blame, my lord, to rate her so. (Act III, Scene 5, Line169-170). One is easily able to see the motherly care the nurse shows for Juliet. Once the Nurse has heard of the arranged marriage to Paris she offers no comfort to Juliet, this is usually because she has always been there for Juliet. Because of the grief from the previous day the Nurse is only thinking of the most practical way of getting out of all the difficulties. No one knows about the marriage to Romeo; he is now banished and will never dare to return to Verona and claim Juliet as his wife. It would be so easy if Juliet were to forget about Romeo, and marry Paris who is seen as a lovely gentleman, from now onwards Juliet is all alone. In this part of the essay we are to assess the love between Romeo Juliet. Firstly I shall be comparing his love for rosaline to his love for Juliet. Before Act 1 Sc 5, Romeo was infatuated with his passion for Rosaline, this imaginary emotion was the one that made him feel ill, he worshipped her as a goddess, probably because he had nothing better to do. Once Romeo has met Juliet those feelings are quickly transferred. Personally there doesnt seem to be much difference between this love, and the emotions he pretended to feel for Rosaline. Secondly I shall comment on the poetry in Act 1 Sc 5 which helps Romeo to express his love for Juliet. Romeo starts with a sincere religious statement: If I profane with my unworthiness hand, This holy shrine. He then further develops the religious image with the following four lines which rhyme alternately (ABAB), then Juliet picks up the same image, speaking the next four lines in the same pattern (with rhyme CBCB). A final couplet is spoken by both of them, the first line by Juliet, the second by Romeo, who takes advantage to kiss his new love. Then moves not, while my prayers effect I take. These fourteen lines are in fact a sonnet. Thirdly, I shall comment on the balcony scene in Act 2 Sc 2 and their plans to marry. The balcony scene is the most valuable scene illustrating the language of love, Throughout the second scene of Act II, Romeo uses beautiful metaphors and similes to express his affection for Juliet: O, speak again bright angel, for thou art as glorious to this night, being oer my head as is a winged messenger of heaven. (II. II, 28-30. ) This passage is used to compare Juliet to an angel, something that is universally held as sacred and lovely. Elsewhere in the scene there are lines that describe their love for one another, and add to the romantic theme of the scene: And but thou love me, let them find me here. My life better ended by their hate the death prorogued, wanting of thy love (II. II, 76-78. ) In the concluding part of the essay we are to discuss all the evidence of love within the play. Love obviously plays an important role throughout the play, one can analyse the different types of love that Shakespeare explores. The first mention of love in the play is contained within the first act between the first two characters that the audience is introduced to, Sampson and Gregory. They are vulgar and crude, making a number of sexual references. They do not see love as involving emotions or desires, but as a purely physical thing, sexual not emotional. Sampson refers to women as weaker vessels and tells of how he will rape the maids of the Montague household; Women being the weaker vessels are ever thrust to the wall, I will push Montagues men from the wall, and thrust his maids to the wall. Both Sampson and Gregory have petty and narrow perceptions of love. Neither of them appears to have ever experienced true love. They talk in a crude and coarse manner, brag about their own attributes and see women as objects not people. They are typical of yobs in society today, the type of people who fight because they think they should because society expects them to or because of feuding that spans generations. Paris is the man whom Capulet wants Juliet to marry. Paris explains his feelings for Juliet to Capulet. It seems that Paris does love Juliet because when Romeo kills him he asks to be put in her tomb, If thou be merciful, Open the tomb, lay me with Juliet. He has genuine emotions for Juliet and is devastated when she dies, Beguiled, divorced, wronged, spited, slain! Most detestable Death, by thee beguiled, by cruel, cruel thee quite overthrown! O love! O life! Not life, but love in death! Paris is a good man who would be kind to Juliet but she does not love him. These sum up all the themes of love within the play.

A Rumor of War essays

A Rumor of War essays A Rumor of War is a personal account of Philip Caputo, a marine lieutenant who served one tour of duty in Vietnam. He began his story in 1960 with his enlistment and training, continued to 1965 with his deployment to Vietnam, and concluded in 1967 with his discharge from the marines. Through these series of events, the author evolves from a youthful innocent to a disillusioned war protestor. The gradual erosion of values that he experienced paralleled the growing frustration and disheartenment at home. It is with this disillusionment in mind that he wrote a memoir that was therapeutic for both him and the American people. The author's sweeping account from the Camelot atmosphere of the Kennedy era, a time where America felt invincible, to the growing despair that many Americans and soldiers felt in 1966, gives particular strength to this book. He and other young men, swept up in the "patriotic tide of the Kennedy era", enlisted in the service of their nation. (4) These proud young ma rines, like America, were representative of an "innocent time" before the death and destruction of Vietnam. (24) In the end, after enduring a tour of bloody skirmishes, the ravages of a hostile environment, and massive psychological and emotional attrition, he, like so many other veterans, broke down in a near emotional and physical collapse. He was no longer a man filled with the optimism and daring-do of yesteryear, but someone who believed the war to be unwinnable and a disgrace to his country. His narrative shows the loss and frustration experienced by the soldiers in the field and, largely, the nation at home. A second strength of the book is the recounting of a combination of events Caputo experienced and reflections on those events. These reflections lend themselves towards portraying an accurate depiction of "life in the trenches", thus giving a flavor and essence otherwise unknown to non-veterans of the Vietnam War. In these reflections, he often d...

Philosophy of Love and Desire Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Philosophy of Love and Desire - Assignment Example A relationship simply cannot count as love if the two people involved are not physically and emotionally compatible with each other. Sufficient Condition: Two people are said to be in love if they are taken by a strong feeling that they simply cannot live without each other. That is if two people are possessed by a strong feeling that they cannot live without each other, than it is sufficient to establish that the two people are in love with each other. Socratic Definition of Love: Love may be defined as a relationship in which the two people are physically and emotionally compatible with each other and are possessed by a strong feeling that they simply cannot live without each other. If the two people in love are not physically and emotionally compatible with each other than they are not in love. Similarly if the two people in a relationship can do without each other than they are not in love. These two criteria are sufficient two include within their ambit a range of love relations hips. Section B First Objection to the Definition of Love: In many Asian and African cultures, there is a tradition of arranged marriage in which the two people are made to marry each other in consonance with the desires of their families and communities and many of these individuals though not being physically and emotionally compatible and being able to live without each other, still manage to fall in love with each other. Then it could be said that the marital relationship between these two people is sans love, though for discernible purposes they may be taken to be in love with each other. Defense of the Definition: There is no denying the fact that emotional and physical compatibility and a strong sense that the two people cannot do without each other in a relationships tend to be two necessary and sufficient conditions for love. In some cultures as in the Western culture the two people involved in a love relationship are able to or allowed to establish their emotional and phys ical compatibility before marriage and are allowed to verify as to whether they can do without each other before marriage, so as to assure that they are in love with each other. There are other cultures as in the above mentioned objection where the two people are married as per the familial and social wishes and it is after marriage that the two people tend to discover their emotional and physical compatibility and a sense of belonging to each other. Thereby the two people in an arranged marriage can also fall in love with each other and are required to fulfill the before mentioned necessary an sufficient conditions to establish that they are in love. Thereby, an arranged marriage does not make an exception. Second Objection to the Definition of Love: What about the relationship between a prostitute and her customer, this relationship could be deemed to be love as it satisfies both the necessary and sufficient conditions for love. A prostitute and her customer are physically and emo tionally compatible. That is why they are able to make love to each other. They also cannot do without each other. A prostitute cannot do without her client as she draws her sustenance from him. The client also cannot do without the prostitute for that is why he agrees to pay her to make love to her. This is indeed a love relationship as it satisfies the above mentioned definition of love. Defense of the Definition: The relationship be

Mis 2200 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Mis 2200 - Essay Example Huber was absent. Ability to Work with Others—Tom is comfortable in a role as an individual contributor and highlights his knowledge and experience when working with others. In a managerial capacity, Tom can readily assume authority, and he might be even more effective if he were to work on his approach and be more collaborative and less dictatorial. Due to confidence in his knowledge and experience, Tom may have overstepped his authority on occasion. General Knowledge of Business Operations—Tom has worked in Mason’s Appliance Department for the past twelve years. He is the most senior staff member on the team, and his experience as an interim manager has provided additional insight into the business operations. Leadership—Carol has subtle leadership experience. She was a high school teacher for several years, and leads by example in her current role with Mason’s. While Carol definitely has capacity in this area, there appears to be an opportunity for her to grow into a stronger leader. A report of disciplinary problems in her classroom when she was teaching and her general willingness to take on any task without challenging the necessity of the task highlight this opportunity. General Knowledge of Business Operations—Carol has worked in Mason’s Appliance Department for the past four years. She has solid knowledge of the operations and given her willingness to take on all tasks assigned has broad experience of the intricacies in the department. Leadership—Don’s leadership experience is largely informal. He was captain of his track team in college and leads by example in the positions that he has held. Don has been working on a master’s degree in marketing which gives him a solid understanding of leadership concepts and principles. Ability to Work with Others—Don is professional and likable. His personality would compliment others in the department and he appears approachable. Don’s resume indicates a

Hobbes and Locke's Ideas on Sovereignty Literature review

Hobbes and Locke's Ideas on Sovereignty - Literature review Example Citizens are obliged to say okay to authority by their governments due to the fact that the alternative, which is living without some form of governance, would not be ideal. The foundation of a state is based on the relationship between governments and their respective citizens. Advocates of theories of social contract go about explaining the reasons as to why governments are formed by citizens as well as are compelled to abide by the law. The theories of social contract were heavily supported by Thomas Hobbes and John Locke. Despite this, the theories by the two just about totally opposed on the nature of the power of the governing supreme, human nature as well as on the citizens’ rights against the supreme. Locke employed the social contract to support limited constitutionalism while Hobbes employed the same to defend absolutism.         The Leviathan’s writing began shortly after the start of England’s civil war and was later published in 1651. The primary motives of Hobbes writing his theory of sovereignty are believed to be accounting for a stable political authority. In fact, Hobbes feels that it is the desire for stability that drives men into agreeing to enter into a commonwealth. According to Hobbes, a state of nature has â€Å"no propriety, no Dominion, no Mine and Thine distinct; but (only) that to be every man's that he can get; and for so long as he can keep it." He believed that the state of nature was characterized by a war between every man, and against every man.In addition, Hobbes argued that in a case of a natural state, "every man has a right to everything; even to one another's a body", describing the state of lives of men in this state as "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short". This is in line with his argument that though men are equal in their natural sense, continued acquis ition of property results in bad self-preservation. The above-mentioned condition has no room for living large, industry, or private ownership of property beyond what one can secure from others by force. When people begin hunting each other for property, a state of insecurity is born and eventually results in fear of death among the citizens. This fright, together with the hunger for a large living is described by Hobbes as â€Å"the passions that incline men to peace.†

Role of Women in the American Civil War

Role of Women in the American Civil War Were the women of the North better at complementing their men than their Southern counterparts during the American civil war effort? Table of Contents (Jump to) Part I: Introduction to thesis statement and to background of reading done; Part II: Justification for choosing this area for analysis; Part III: Organisation of this research paper and methodology; Part IV: Limitations of this paper; Part V: Description of the two sides’ efforts at mobilisation; Part VI: Reasons for South’s failure to organise itself as well as the North; Part VII: Conclusion. References _______________________________________________________________________ Part I: Introduction Introduction to thesis statement and to background of reading done: This research paper seeks to explore this self-framed question in relation to an important aspect of the American civil war. In the course of this narrative, this paper relies heavily on three works to address the specific exploratory thesis question: Drew Faust’s 1996 Mothers of Invention: Women of the Slaveholding South in the American Civil War, the same author’s contribution, Altars of Sacrifice: Confederate Women and the Narratives of War, which is part of the 1992 book, Divided Houses: Gender and the Civil War, and Marjorie Greenbie’s 1944 work, Lincolns Daughters of Mercy. This is for the reason that while the first two make a perfectly appropriate source for the most important part of the paper, the third one speaks about the way Northern women were organised better through their association, whose details are discussed in later paragraphs. All other sources are supplementary to these mai n works, and augment the thesis statement. Part II: Justification Justification for choosing this area for analysis: A lot has been written about why the North won the war, primarily written from the psychological and military perspectives of this result. Among the more popular works in these categories, mention may be made of the famous Black-American, Charles H. Wesley’s The Collapse of the Confederacy, and Armstead L. Robinson, who introduced a new paradigm when they enunciated the viewpoint that more than anything else, it was the South’s loss of motivation to carry on that eventually resulted in its defeat. In the opinion of these writers, the South was burdened physically, too, having to fight for the retention of the slaves, who were almost mandatory to their economy, but were not allowed to take part in the war itself. In the words of Robinson, â€Å"[t]he slaves expectations and actions precipitated deep conflicts among Southern whites, conflicts which preceded emancipation and which devastated the Southern war effort. The e vidence suggests that the fear of slave revolt acted as a cancer within the body of the Southern Republic, a cancer first sapping Confederate morale and then ultimately consuming the Souths will to fight for national independence.† (Foner, 1983, p. 454) A notable work about the logistical aspects of the war is that of James McPherson, who has argued that the North’s victory was a kind of fluke. Making an analysis of the patterns of important battles of the war, he concludes that any outcome was possible, and that the North’s eventual victory can be attributed more to fortuity than to anything else. He reasons that all other factors, such as economic and political among others, were merely incidental, and made no significant contribution to the outcome. (Boritt, 1992, pp. 19, 20) However, relatively fewer tomes have been exhausted on an ancillary field –the contribution of women in organising themselves in the areas of the conflict in which they were the sole in-charge –human, physical assistance. Notwithstanding the vast body of research feminist writers have churned out on this topic, the particular point of whether women from the North organised and mobilised themselves better is worth focussing on. In pursuing this narrowed down proposition, this paper takes the position that regardless of the enormity of the odds stacked against them, the Southern women failed to assemble and apply themselves to being associated players of the war effort. This paper attempts to leave the warfare track behind and take the road less taken, seeking to understand if what womenfolk of the victorious side did was dramatically different from what women from the beaten side did. In the course of investigating this course, this paper forms the notion that the Northe rn epicene efforts were markedly superior to that of the Southerners; while they fought against heavy odds themselves in ensuring that president Lincoln’s rather reluctant endorsement of their association, the Sanitary Commission underwent a complete turnaround, its counterparts in the South, Ladies Gunboat Societies, were not such a great success, limited as they were to mainly literary activities. These may have boosted the war morale occasionally, but were not good enough to count as action that was as tangible and as forceful as that by Northern women. Even from the beginning, this movement suffered the chauvinism clothed in a faà §ade that was so typical of the male dominated Southern mindset. In seeking to understand the larger, historical and geographical reasons for the less aggressive mobilisation of the Southern women, this paper toes the perceptive line of reasoning that Faust has made in her chapter in the 1992 book, Altars of Sacrifice: Confederate Women and the Narratives of War. The summary of this stance is that if these psychological obstacles presented formidable hindrances to Southern women, they were handicapped further by physical reasons as well, over most of which they had no control. These factors, seen in their deep-seated context, were in fact the very causes for the civil war in the first place, which are illustrated here. These form the central portion of the analysis part of this paper. Part III: Methodology:  Organisation of this research paper and methodology In presenting this paper, both the descriptive and comparative methods of analysis of the thesis question are employed in parts. The approach has been to first make a description separately of the ways in which the women from the two sides organised themselves. Since this paper is a presentation of the overall way in which women organised themselves, mention of the names of prominent women on the two sides is made only in passing, since that is not the main focus of this paper. From here, this paper presents its core –an analysis of what prevented Southern women from matching the Northerners in this crucial organisational effort. It finally offers its conclusion. Part IV:  Limitations of this paper The efforts women put in organising themselves are not limited to only what is handed down in historical accounts; as Harper, (2003) observes in her work, Women during the Civil War: An Encyclopedia, thousands of women who took part in the war effort did not hog the limelight, while only a few became famous. (E. Harper, 2003, p. ix) The work of these unsung women are not investigated in this paper. Also, the brief of this paper is only a presentation of the differences that existed in the ways in which women organised themselves during the civil war, and their reasons. It does not cover within its purview an important angle of this issue: did the role of women from the two sides actually make an important difference to the outcome of the war? Part V:  Description of the two sides’ efforts at mobilisation The general idea about the role of women in the civil war is that only a handful, merely by their claim to fame, alone contributed substantially to the war effort. Among the names on either side that have gone down in history are Clara Barton, Harriet Tubman, Mary Boykin Chesnut, Louisa Mary Alcott, Lucy Stone and Julia Ward Howe. While this is not to deny or even dilute their importance in one or another area during the civil war era, the most important fact that needs to be borne in mind is that women, literally in their tens of thousands if not millions from each side, dared to risk their lives as well as those of their families in the pursuit of the war effort. These nameless, unrecognised women were no small contributors to the civil war; the major ways in which they contributed included dedicating themselves to the war effort in providing vital food and clothing, apart of course, from care and love to injured soldiers. If women in the North were engaged additionally in the area of organising rallies in which they made inspiring speeches against slavery, and contributed in the form of writings and artwork, in the South, there were a good number of women novelists, writers, poetesses, factory workers and agricultural workers. The writings and other works from these women served to stir the consciousness of the civil war itself. (E. Harper, 2003, p. ix) Yet, when it came to formally organising themselves into associations, the most prominent ones were the Sanitary Commission in the North, and the Ladies Gunboat Societies in the South. North: The North started with some inherent advantages: firstly, it was more industrialised than the South. Secondly, its population stood at 20 million, more than double the South’s nine million, adding to whose ineffectiveness of these already small numbers were its 3.5 million non-participating slaves. But in addition to possessing these advantages, the North’s cause was bolstered by the work of its women: almost from the time of the start of the war, they were quick to organise themselves into a coherent support unit, volunteering to provide all auxiliary medical services such as bandages, clothing and other medical aids. These voluntary efforts took concrete shape in the form of the Sanitary Commission. (Clinton Lunardini, 2000, pp. 81, 82) Inspired by the work of their more famous, pioneering Transatlantic cousin Florence Nightingale, the United States Sanitary Commission came into existence when president Abraham Lincoln appointed this commission with the Ã¢â‚¬Ë œpower to oversee the health and welfare of the volunteer army, and to serve as a channel of communication between the people and the government’. Apart from having qualified and reputed doctors, scientists and army officers on its rolls, it was able to get the best out of women, because it also gave them a great opportunity of being directly employed in government service. In this respect, it was superior to even the war effort Nightingale had made recently in the Crimean War in Turkey. One of its prominent volunteers, the millionaire heiress Miss Louisa Schuyler, best summed up its brief and nature when she remarked that it stood out because â€Å"[i]n England those women who with Florence Nightingale did their work in the Crimea had no such channel through which every woman in the land might work with Government itself. As the men went to their work with the national army, so the women go with them, in an organization running side by side with the army, knowing its needs and meeting them.† (Greenbie, 1944, pp. 76-79) Among the other important ways by which they lent themselves to their cause was in organising an innovative idea, ‘Sanitary Fairs’, in which auctions and sales were held to raise money. These were a great success –just two weeks of these fairs in Chicago alone helped raise no lesser than $100,000, surely a massive amount by those days’ standards. Prominent individuals who made the Sanitary Commission a success story were Dorothea Dix, Louisa Mary Alcott and Clara Burton. (Clinton Lunardini, 2000, pp. 82) South: From the beginning, women’s participation in the war efforts in the South were different from those of the North; if the North saw perceptible action in the formation of its association, the South was steeped more in rhetoric and emotional talk than effective actions. Paternalistic in its attitude, since it were men who mostly controlled slaves and women, the South, while on the one hand exhorting women to play a moral role in the war, curtailed their liberty on the other. Even if ordinary women wanted to take part in the war, they were prevented from it. On occasion, this would take the form of outbursts, which would turn out to be no more than grumbling. Among these recorded outpourings made by women, some stand out, such as: ‘We who stay behind may find it harder than they who go. They will have new scenes and constant excitement to buoy them up and the consciousness of duty done’ and ‘The war is certainly ours as well as that of the men’. A movement that crystallised into an actual war support organisation were the Ladies Gunboat Societies. These, too, like the Sanitary Commission in the North, were formed in the earlier stages of the war. But since their hands were tied, they were forced to remain only literary in character, and had little effect in heartening their men. As if to offset these shortcomings, men sought to project a valorous set of deeds of these women, perhaps out of a sense of guilt. (Faust, 1992, p. 175) Part VI:  Reasons for South’s failure to organise itself as well as the North Precisely the same conditions that led the two sides to civil war, namely the birth and development of slavery, also turned out to be the reasons for which Southern women could not organise themselves better during the war. While the attitudes of the two sides differed over a number of issues, the focal point of their animosity was slavery. The sharp differences between the two sides lay in the distribution of natural resources, by which plantations, the lifeblood of the South, required extensive dependence on slavery. On the contrary, the North was industrialising at a frenetic pace, and developing a kind of economy for which the centrality of slave labour, indispensable for the South, was totally absent. (Collins, 1981, p. 29) An inadvertent invention served to further accentuate the South’s already heavy dependence on labour –Eli Whitney’s cotton gin. This 1792 invention laid the groundwork for the cultivation of cotton on a large scale, something for which the South was extremely well-suited. In no time, heavily labour-oriented cotton edged out the other profit-making crops such as indigo and tobacco, given its near perfect suitability to Southern climate. (Johnson Roark, 1984, p. 10) Since the invention of the cotton gin, the spurt in the production of cotton was dramatic – it jumped from about 178,000 bales in 1810 to almost 4,000,000 bales in 1860. This surge was possible because cotton, a labour-intensive crop could be produced only by slaves; naturally, this spurt in production was matched by an increase in the number of slaves employed to produce it –in these 50 years, the number of slaves went up from about 1,190,000 to over 4,000,000. (Faulkner, 1924, pp. 209-210) These factors were to percolate down to the matter of women’s organisation into the civil war effort. By the basic fact of the overwhelming existence of plantations, and lesser development in industrial development and hence, infrastructure, the South was not able to muster enough or wholesome participation from women in the civil war. The sheer size of these sprawling plantations, which were hardly anything to be termed meeting venues, isolated women from each other, curtailing their interaction. Even if they were organised, they were not as well knit as in the North, which had all these advantages. As a result, most women’s contributions, when they were not listed in literary circles in the cities, were limited to stitching clothes for their men. (Faust, 1996, pp. 23, 24) Yet another critical factor blunted Southern organisation: because of its numerical inferiority to the North, the South had been consistently losing men on the battlefield; this meant that more than half the women in the South had lost any of their male relatives in the war. When more and more men were required for the war effort, the plantations were left without them. In this scenario, women, who till then had been having little experience in looking after slaves, since it were men who were engaged in this practice all these years, were suddenly confronted with a new situation –managing slaves in their huge plantations, with no prior experience. Yet other additional derivative roles were thrust upon them –managing the economy, and receiving corpses of their men and performing the necessary rituals and ceremonies. These left them with little time to pursue the career that they first sought to, nursing, let alone for organising themselves into the war effort. (Faust, 19 92, pp. 184, 185) On the other hand, Northern women applied themselves better to their duty. The panel that oversaw the appointment of the original list of 14 members of the Sanitary Commission was meticulously handpicked. So immaculate was this list that President Lincoln had no alternative to affixing his stamp on it once it came to him for selection. If there was one reason for the success of this commission, it was the effort the women put into it. When the commission’s members were first presented to Lincoln, he was unimpressed by the whole idea of the commission itself, remarking that it was no more than ‘†¦just the fifth wheel to the coach’. He was hesitant to trust its effectiveness in delivering, and had made it a virtually powerless association of eminent persons. If the commission carried out important work in spite of government apathy, it was due entirely to its women. (Greenbie, 1944, p. 79) Part VII:  Conclusion The ways in which women organised themselves in the war effort were symbolic of the larger issue of how the two sides made use of their strengths. On the one hand, the North was fired by the zeal of liberation, and wasted no effort in pulling its women together in the war effort, while fully exploiting their other strengths listed in this paper. On the other hand, hamstrung by both psychological and physical factors, the Southern women’s effort never really was able to sustain itself, in the end becoming a victim of a variety of factors, some self-created, and some created by nature. References Boritt, G. S. (Ed.)., (1992). Why the Confederacy Lost, Oxford University Press, New York. Clinton, C., Lunardini, C., (2000), The Columbia Guide to American Women in the Nineteenth Century, Columbia University Press, New York. Collins, B., (1981), The Origins of Americas Civil War, Holmes Meier, New York. E. Harper, J., (2003), Women during the Civil War: An Encyclopedia, Routledge, New York. Faulkner, H. U., (1924), American Economic History (5th ed.), Harper Brothers, New York. Faust, D. G., (1992), Ch.10 Altars of Sacrifice: Confederate Women and the Narratives of War. In Divided Houses: Gender and the Civil War, Clinton, C. Silber, N. (Eds.) (pp. 171-199), Oxford University Press, New York. Faust, D. G., (1996), Mothers of Invention: Women of the Slaveholding South in the American Civil War, University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, NC. Foner, P. S., (1983), History of Black Americans From the Compromise of 1850 to the End of the Civil War, Greenwood Press, Westport, CT. Greenbie, M. B., (1944), Lincolns Daughters of Mercy, G.P. Putnams sons, New York. Johnson, M. P., Roark, J. L., (1984), Black Masters : A Free Family of Color in the Old South /, W. W. Norton, New York.

Effects of Drug Use during Pregnancy on Children Essay

Being pregnant means more than just carrying a child in uteri for nine months. Pregnant women must watch what they put into their bodies because it will directly affect the life of their unborn child. Unborn children are totally helpless to their mothers’ actions and totally dependent on everything they do. All pregnant women need to be aware of the consequences of using drugs during pregnancy; drugs such as, cocaine, heroin, cigarettes, methamphetamine, and marijuana. All drugs illegal or not could have critical and long lasting effects on children throughout their whole life. What are drugs? Drugs are chemicals that can make you change the way the body works. Some drugs are worse than others but no matter which one used, during pregnancy all drugs have dreadful effects on the unborn child. The drugs cocaine, heroin, tobacco/cigarettes, methamphetamines and marijuana can affect children in different ways; however, they all should be avoided during pregnancy. Mothers need to think about their unborn child and the adverse effects using drugs will have on them not only as infants but as young children and young adults as well. Cocaine is a strongly addictive stimulant that directly affects the brain. Cocaine is one of the oldest drugs known to this day (Barbara L. Thompson, 2009). There is no safe amount of cocaine for a woman who is pregnant because any cocaine taken will transfer to the baby as well (Drug Babies and the Effects of Drug Abuse During Pregnancy, 2011). Heroine is also a highly addictive drug and it is the most abused and fast acting of the opiate group. Heroine, processed from morphine, is derived from certain poppy plants. Heroin will cross over to the baby through the placenta and cause an unborn baby to be dependent on the drug. Tobacco/cigarettes are a non illicit drug and the most common drug used among pregnant woman. Tobacco products have been linked to low birth weight and Sudden Infant Death Syndrome. Methamphetamines are highly addictive substances with powerful central nervous system stimulant properties (Drug Babies and the Effects of Drug Abuse During Pregnancy, 2011). Methamphetamines are considered a major drug of abuse and can cause low birth weight, miscarriages and could lead to Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (Drug Babies and the Effects of Drug Abuse During Pregnancy, 2011). Marijuana is the most commonly abused illicit drug in America today. Women who use marijuana on a daily basis will operate at subliminal levels because it directly affects the way the brain works. When using marijuana during pregnancy the mother is more likely to have a miscarriage or a low birth weight baby. No matter which drug the mother is using it can be detrimental to the unborn baby’s health and should be avoided. Using drugs during pregnancy not only affects the baby a birth but it can affect that child for the rest of his/her life. The child can experience many difficulties in when he/she goes to school as well. Each drug is different and affects children differently. Cocaine may cause drug dependency and withdrawal symptoms at birth, as well physical and me ntal problems, especially if the mother used cocaine during the first three months of pregnancy. There is a higher risk of hypertension, heart problems, developmental retardation and learning difficulties (Gale A. Richardson, 2010). It has been reported that prenatal cocaine exposure is linked to cognitive and neuropsychological development and school functioning in 6 to 8 year olds (Gale A. Richardson, 2010). A baby who has been exposed to prenatal cocaine use by the mother is more likely to be irritable, jittery and have an irregular sleeping pattern, visual problems and problems with sensory stimulation (Drug Babies and the Effects of Drug Abuse During Pregnancy, 2011). During pregnancy cocaine crosses into the placenta and enters the baby’s blood circulation and will stay in the blood longer than it will the mother (Using Illegal Street Drugs During Pregnancy, 2008). Using cocaine during pregnancy increases the risk of having a miscarriage in the early stages of pregnancy. During the later part of pregnancy, using cocaine can cause placental abruption which could lead to severe bleeding, preterm birth and death of the unborn baby (Using Illegal Street Drugs During Pregnancy, 2008). Also babies who are exposed to cocaine during the later part of pregnancy may experience a dependence of the drug and may be required to be weaned off the drug at birth because the child can experience withdrawal symptoms (Joan Keegana, 2010). Symptoms include tremors, sleeplessness, muscle spasms, and feeding problems for the infant. Prenatal cocaine exposure has also been linked to behavior problems among the children in school, and aggression and shoddier attention and processing skills (Delaney-Black, 2010). For children of prenatal cocaine exposure life can be difficult, struggling in school at an early age may detour that child from continuing school when they are older to achieve his/her diploma. Also the children will have all sorts of behavior issues in school. Compared to children with no cocaine exposure, children who were exposed to cocaine had drastically more mother and teacher behavior problems throughout early elementary school (Gale A. Richardson, 2010). Children of older women who used cocaine during pregnancy also experienced more difficulties in school than children born to younger mothers who used cocaine (Gale A. Richardson, 2010). Children who are exposed to cocaine prenatally were also linked to be affected by weight and height, meaning children were smaller in weight and height categories compared to their peers. Cocaine is a very powerful drug and should not be used at all and more importantly should not be used during pregnancy. Cocaine use during pregnancy could be fatal for the unborn child and does not give him/her a fair chance at life. A pregnant woman needs to think about her unborn child before she does cocaine because her child could potentially have multiple problems in school and in life. The most important reason for a woman not to use cocaine during pregnancy is it could kill an unborn child. Heroine is classified as an opiate and travels the fastest of any drug into the baby’s blood stream when the mothe r is pregnant and used it (Joan Keegana, 2010). Like cocaine heroin is also very addictive and the baby once born can become dependent on this drug and have to be weaned off of it (Using Illegal Street Drugs During Pregnancy, 2008). Using heroin while pregnant can affect fetal development. Heroin use has been associated with an increased risk of miscarriage and premature birth, and babies may be born smaller than average and may be prone to illness (Barbara L. Thompson, 2009). The substances that are cut with heroin may also cause problems during the pregnancy and affect the developing fetus. Injecting heroin can increase the risk of both the mother and baby becoming infected with blood-borne viruses, such as hepatitis and HIV (Joan Keegana, 2010). Pregnant women who want to stop taking heroin need to be very careful. Sudden withdrawal from heroin may harm the baby and increase the risk of miscarriage, premature birth and stillbirth (Using Illegal Street Drugs During Pregnancy, 2008). If a mother continues to use heroin while breastfeeding, it is possible that the drug will be present in her milk and may have adverse effects on the baby. Babies of mothers who use heroin will have some long-term effects. Some children at three to six years of age children whose mothers were addicted to heroin were lower in weight and height compared to the other children whose mothers did not use heroin, and impaired in behavioral, perceptual and organizational abilities. Babies born with low birth weight have been shown to have many difficulties later in life such as, language learning disabilities, behavior problems, and children are more likely to be rejected by peers and performance in school may suffer and the children may need special education courses. Heroin is a very bad drug to be addicted too, not only because of the risks it presents on the person using it, but because it has an added risk of HIV because of all the needle sharing. Using heroin or any opiate should be avoided at all time for children’s sake. Methamphetamine use during pregnancy affects development of a baby’s, brain, spinal cord, heart and kidneys (Drug Babies and the Effects of Drug Abuse During Pregnancy, 2011). Methamphetamine use during pregnancy may result in prenatal complications, like premature delivery and birth deformities. High doses of the drug may cause a baby’s blood pressure to rise rapidly, leading them to suffer strokes or brain hemorrhages before birth (Barbara L. Thompson, 2009). Methamphetamine-exposed babies may experience gastroschisis and other problems with the development of their intestines (National Institutes on Drug Abuse, 2009). As a result of methamphetamine use by their mothers, some babies may suffer develop mental and skeletal abnormalities and some babies are born without parts of their arms or legs (Joan Keegana, 2010). Because methamphetamine affects transmitters in the brain, babies often experience sleep disturbances and altered behavioral patterns (Drug Babies and the Effects of Drug Abuse During Pregnancy, 2011). These babies have been described as â€Å"irritable babies.† Full-term babies born to mothers who use methamphetamine will likely have difficulty sucking and swallowing, much like premature babies. Often babies born to meth-addicted women cannot tolerate stimuli such as human touch and light. These babies often display tremors and coordination problems (Using Illegal Street Drugs During Pregnancy, 2008). Babies whose mothers used methamphetamine during pregnancy may experience learning disabilities, growth and developmental delays (Methamphetamine use During Pregnancy, 2008). The effects of methamphetamine use on brain development may last for many years. School-aged children whose mothers used methamphetamine while pregnant are more likely to be hyperactive or to have attention deficit disorders, learning disabilities and unprovoked fits of anger (Methamphetamine use During Pregnancy, 2008). When pregnant women use marijuana it crosses into the baby through the placenta. Marijuana contains toxins that keep the baby from getting the proper amount oxygen that the baby needs in order to grow normally (Using Illegal Street Drugs During Pregnancy, 2008). Marijuana use during pregnancy is one of the lesser bad drugs; however, it could still pose detrimental problems on the growing fetus (Using Illegal Street Drugs During Pregnancy, 2008). Babies born to women who used marijuana during their pregnancy display altered responses to visual stimulation, increased tremors, and a high-pitched cry, which could indicate problems with nervous system development (Joan Keegana, 2010). During preschool and early school years, children who have been exposed to marijuana have been reported to have more behavioral problems and difficulties with sustained attention and memory than children who were not exposed (Joan Keegana, 2010). Because some parts of the brain continue to develop into adolescence, it is also possible that certain kinds of problems will become more evident as the child matures (Drug Babies and the Effects of Drug Abuse During Pregnancy, 2011). Pregnant women should not to use any drugs because they might harm the growing fetus. Although one animal study has linked marijuana use to loss of the fetus very early in pregnancy, two studies in humans found no association between marijuana use and early pregnancy loss (Barbara L. Thompson, 2009). Regardless of the situation, mothers should not smoke marijuana because of the possibilities of it causing harm of the baby. Tobacco is the most commonly drug used among women who are pregnant because the quit rate is surprisingly low. Only twenty percent of woman who smoke will quit smoking completely during their pregnancy (Vanessa E Murphy, 2010). Women who are heavy smokers are less likely to quit as well. Smoking during pregnancy can cause premature birth and can cause the baby to be little. Smoking while pregnant is also linked to placenta previa, placenta abruption and sudden infant death syndrome (Drug Babies and the Effects of Drug Abuse During Pregnancy, 2011). While smoking tobacco has long been linked to poor growth in a fetus and other short-term effects, it also has long-term effects on a baby whose mother smoked during the pregnancy. Only about twenty percent of women smokers who become pregnant quit (Drug Babies and the Effects of Drug Abuse During Pregnancy, 2011). With all of the health effects that tobacco can have on both baby and mother, pregnant women who smoke are advised to try and quit for their own health and the health of their child (Miles, 2009). Children born to mothers who smoke tobacco tend to be more impulsive and have more trouble learning and developing. Infants whose mothers smoked while they were in the pregnant are more likely to exhibit lower scores on mental tests at age one and to have lower grades overall during the school years than children whose mothers who did not use tobacco (Vanessa E Murphy, 2010). The risk of a learning disability, such as dyslexia, rises twenty-five percent in children whose mothers smoked a pack or more of cigarettes a day. Babies born to smokers may also have lifelong birth defects that impede mental development, such as cerebral palsy or mental retardation (Miles, 2009). Those whose mothers smoked moderately or heavily during pregnancy were over four times as likely to develop type two diabetes; also called adult onset diabetes, before the age of 33, which is considered an early age for developing this type of diabetes. The children of mothers who smoke are also more likely to become obese later in life. There is also a link between fetal exposure to tobacco smoke and future risk of cardiovascular disease (Vanessa E Murphy, 2010). Children who were exposed to tobacco smoke as a fetus are more likely to develop hypertension, or high blood pressure, than the children of women who did not smoke during pregnancy (Miles, 2009). This increase was originally thought to be correlated to the low birth weight typical of babies whose moms smoked during pregnancy, but when compared with children of similar birth weight, the smokers’ children had higher blood pressure at ages five and six than other kids. Mothers who smoke tobacco while pregnant may also affect their baby’s brain in ways that last a lifetime. These children are more likely to engage in criminal behavior and to abuse drugs than the children of women who did not smoke while pregnant (Drug Babies and the Effects of Drug Abuse During Pregnancy, 2011). Overall, mothers who are pregnant should not use any type of drug from illicit to non illicit because they can all have detrimental consequences on the growing baby, not just in the womb but later in life as well. Work Cited * Barbara L. Thompson, P. L. (2009). Prenatal exposure to drugs: effects on brain development and implications for policy and education. National Institutes of Health , 10 (4), 303-312. * Delaney-Black, V. (2010). Prenatal and Postnatal cocaine exposure predict teen cocaine use. Neurotoxicology and Teratology , 110-119. * Drug Babies and the Effects of Drug Abuse During Pregnancy. (2011). Retrieved May 19, 2011, from The Good Drugs Guide: www.thegooddrugsguide.com * Gale A. Richardson, L. G. (2010). Prenatal cocaine exposure: Effects on mother-and teacher-rated behavior problems and growth in school-age children. Neurotoxicology and Teratology , 69-77. * Joan Keegana, M. P. (2010). Addiction in Pregnancy. Journal of Addictive Diseases , 29 (2), 175-191. * Methamphetamine use During Pregnancy. (2008, October). Retrieved May 19, 2011, from North Dakota Department of Health: www.nddh.com * Miles, M. (2009). Challenges for midwives: pregnant women and illicit drug use. Australian Journal of Advanced Nursing , 28 (1), 83-90. * National Institutes on Drug Abuse. (2009). Retrieved May 18, 2011, from National Institutes of Health: www.nida.nih.gov * Using Illegal Street Drugs During Pregnancy. (2008, October). Retrieved May 19, 2011, from American Pregnancy Association: www.americanpregnancyassociation.org * Vanessa E Murphy, V. L. (2010). The effect of cigarette smoking on asthma control during exacerbations in pregnant women. Thorax , 739-744.

Learning and Determination Essay

What keeps you motivated to go the extra mile even when you want to give up? What helps you get through hard times and accomplish everything you want? Determination is why we get up in the morning. It is what drives us to do what we want to do. Everyone is driven by his or her own determination to be successful in life. The people that are determined to achieve various goals in life are known to succeed in all areas of their life. Determination isn’t a word that you can define with a sentence, it is a word that has plenty different meanings. People will always tell you that you can’t make it, and that you aren’t good enough. They will try to bring you down, so you won’t reach your highest potential. When I was in middle school, one of my teachers told me that I wouldn’t pass eighth grade and that I didn’t have it in me to make it to college. I believed her at the time. Throughout middle school, I was in a program where they helped students with learning disabilities. I was in this program, called Discovery. I always thought that I was unintelligent and couldn’t do anything on my own. Hence, I believed my teacher and had that mindset throughout middle school. As I got older, I learned that people learned differently from other people. It might have taken me longer to learn the subject, but I eventually learned it. Since then, I have been determined to prove that teacher wrong and to prove to myself that I can make it as I long as I put the work in. Determination means to have a strong intention to achieve a certain purpose; to have a strong will power to finish anything you put your mind. Determination is putting everything you have to make yourself better. Determination is putting the extra work in to further yourself. In my family, every person is musically gifted. My parents believe that each kid should know how to play one instrument, if not more. Therefore, when I was in fifth grade, I was obligated to start playing an instrument. I chose to play the clarinet. Learning to play the clarinet was very hard. I was the worst player out of the clarinet section; I sucked. The other students in the band were learning their instrument pretty fast. I started to feel left out because I couldn’t keep up with them. At times I wanted to quit, but I didn’t. I stuck with it. I started to practice every single day. I asked my mother if she could arrange for me to have private lessons. I was determined to get better, so I did everything a fifth grader could. All the extra time I put in, started to pay off. I was working my way to being the first chair in the clarinet section and just becoming a great musician. Determination is one of the greatest assets we can possess. It can bring the best out in us. Determination is the tool we use to defeat discouragement. My teacher told me that I would never be anything. So, I am determined to put everything I have into school and every aspect of my life. Determination is the instrument we use to overcome brief failures to prevent failures from becoming permanent. Determination is what we have to set goals and achieve them. I wanted to be a great clarinet player, so I put the work in and reached my goal. I was determined to be the best, and that’s what I achieved. Determination is the key to be successful. It drives us to be the best person we can possibly be.

Radishes and Radicals

Radishes and Radicals Radishes and Radicals Radishes and Radicals By Maeve Maddox Both words, radish and radical, derive from the Latin word for root (radix). The vegetable we call a radish is an edible root. Radical, functioning as both noun and adjective, is used with multiple meanings, depending upon context. Its earliest use in the context of politics and political thought and action dates from the late eighteenth century: That the omnipotence of the state is not lodged, by the constitution, with the people, but with the whole legislative body in parliament assembled, was a radical doctrine of this obnoxious ministry.- OED citation dated 1783 â€Å"A radical doctrine† is one that would strike at the root of an established political or social norm. A radical is â€Å"a person who advocates radical or far-reaching political or social reform.† The earliest OED citations for the noun radical are dated 1822: Love is a great leveller; a perfect Radical. General Scott said Archer was a Radical and inclined to be Jacobinical. Note: As a political term, Jacobin derives from a French political club established in 1789 with the purpose of propagating the principles of extreme democracy and absolute equality. By 1800, the word Jacobin was used to refer to any political reformer. Every society is rooted in specific institutions and conventions. At the time that radical acquired its political meanings, European society was rooted in the model of a landed elite supported by a disenfranchised working class. In the early nineteenth century, efforts to accomplish the following were seen as radical ideas in Britain and the United States: end the employment of children in factories and mines extend the vote to all men extend the vote to women end imprisonment for debt end the slave trade grant full civil rights to Catholics and Jews provide elementary schools for the children of the working classes provide humane treatment for the mentally ill The verb radicalize in the sense of â€Å"to make radical, especially politically; to imbue with radical principles† appears early in the nineteenth century (1825). The earliest citation for the noun radicalization- â€Å"the action or process of making or becoming radical, especially in political outlook†- is 1867. Among the OED citations for radicalize and the noun radicalization are references to soldiers who were radicalized by witnessing the horrors of war and to â€Å"radicalized students of the late 1960s.† These political terms have been used to describe different degrees of radicalism, as indicated in this definition of the adjective radical in the OED: radical adjective: Advocating thorough or far-reaching political or social reform; representing or supporting an extreme section of a party; specifically (also with capital initial)   (a) British belonging to, supporting, or associated with the extreme wing of the Liberal Party which called for a reform of the social and parliamentary system in the late 18th and early 19th century.  (b) U.S. belonging to a faction of the Republican Party seeking extreme action against the South during the Civil War and Reconstruction. Now more generally: revolutionary, especially, left-wing. Although in the past, radical belief was sometimes accompanied with violent behavior- e.g., John Brown, Carrie Nation, the French Revolution- it was more often contained and acted on within a framework of constitutional or parliamentary changes. A â€Å"radical† could be any person who regarded some aspect of society as unfair or undesirable and believed that the way to change it was to overturn or uproot existing norms. In that sense, suffragettes and abolitionists were radicals. Nowadays, radical, radicalize, and radicalization have come to carry connotations of a type of extremism closely association with violence. This is how The US Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) defines radicalization and radical: radicalization At its root, radicalization takes the basic tenets of a faith or a political movement and carries them to extremes, extremes that often are drastic enough to adopt violence to intimidate others into accepting those extremes or to punish those who will not accept the extremes, and that process carries across lines of nationality or religion, from Mohammad Atta to Timothy McVeigh. radical The FBIdefines radical individuals as persons who encourage, endorse, condone, justify, or support the commission of a violent act or other crimes against the U.S. government, its citizens, or its allies for political, social, or economic ends. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:70 "Home" Idioms and ExpressionsSocial vs. SocietalWhen to Spell Out Numbers

Anthelmintics for Treatment of Parasites Animals Essays

Anthelmintics for Treatment of Parasites Animals Essays Anthelmintics for Treatment of Parasites Animals Essay Anthelmintics for Treatment of Parasites Animals Essay Vermifuges opposition is a cardinal issue within the veterinary field, to a great extent impacting carnal public assistance and the agricultural industries. ( Wolstenholme, Fairweather et Al. 2004 ) . Vermifuges are used as preventives and for the intervention of assorted parasites in animate beings, ruminants being the largest group, which the drugs mark. Of the many categories of vermifuges used there are three major categories used in the intervention and control of GI roundworms in sheep ; benzimidazoles / pro-benzimidazoles, imidazothiazoles/ tetrahydropyrimidines and avermectins/milbemycins. Each of these drugs categories have different mechanisms of action but all consequence merely the parasite holding minimum consequence on the host. This issue is of import when the weights of animate beings is unknown and an over dosage may be given. ( Urquhart 1996 ) . The category benzimidazoles/ pro-benzimidazoles consist of fenbendazole, oxfendazole, albendazole and other similar moving drugs. They target a protein ( beta tubulin ) distributed within microtubules, and both plasma and mitochondrial membranes. These aid the formation of farther microtubules, which in bend consequences in a decrease in glucose consumption and protein secernment, taking to decease by famishment. ( Taylor, Coop et Al. 2007 ) . This group chiefly effects nematodes including their eggs and has a low, sometimes negligible toxicity to the host. ( Urquhart 1996 ; Taylor, Coop et Al. 2007 ) . Resistance against vermifuges occurs the most extensively within this category. Imidazothiazoles/ tetrahydropyrimidines include four chief drugs levamisole, pyrantel, morantel and tetramisole. ( Urquhart 1996 ) . Levamisole is one of the chief drugs used against roundworms in sheep, as it has a broad spectrum of activity against different species, nevertheless it is non ovicidal. ( Taylor, Coop et Al. 2007 ) . In both the host and nematode the drug acts as a depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent. ( Urquhart 1996 ) . This means the parasite is paralysed and expelled fleetly. As the host is targeted besides, side consequence can include hyperactivity for a short period after dosing and increased cellular activity. Unlike benzimidazoles, imidazothiazoles can hold a toxicity effects from nervus ganglia stimulation. Death can happen in extreme over doses. Both pyrantel and morantel act as selective agonists, copying the action of acetylcholine. This consequences in a speedy palsy and ejection of the worms via gut vermiculation. ( Taylor, Coop et Al. 2007 ) . Imid azothiazoles tend to hold a short action and can be used against other helminth groups. The last group of vermifuges used for nematode control in sheep, are the avermectins/milbemycins, besides known as macrocyclic lactones. Avermectins include ivermectin, doramectin, eprinomectin and selamectin, where as milbemycin and moxidectin make up the milbemycins group. The two bomber groups differ in their construction make up but are both effectual against a wide spectrum of activity against roundworms and other arthropods. Even at low doses the drugs are good absorbed systemically remaining within the host for a figure of hebdomads after disposal. ( Taylor, Coop et Al. 2007 ; Urquhart 1996 ) . However due to this drawn-out life, it is indispensable that the animate being is withdrawn from nutrient production subsequent to any interventions, although eprinomectin can non be given to breastfeeding herd. The mechanism of this group is non wholly known but it is thought that they act on glutamate gated chloride conductance channels at the neuromuscular junction. ( Taylor, Coop et Al. 2007 ) . The overall consequence is flaccid palsy of the bodily muscualture, which in bend inhibits feeding actvity. Increased use of any of the anthelminthic categories can take to a physique up of opposition. Resistance can originate within a nematode population, when the frequence of persons which can defy the action of the drug given, additions. The survival trait is so inherited by the roundworms progeny developing the opposition farther. Numerous signifiers of opposition depend on the manner of action of the drug. For illustration, side and cross-resistance where the choice for a drug occurs from holding the same or different manner of action of another. Multiple oppositions can come about when roundworms are opposition to two or more different vermifuges groups. ( Prichard, Hall et al. 1980 ) . Resistance normally is a consequence of an addition in the frequence of the anthelminthic, nevertheless, it can besides be selected when the drug is administered at a low frequence over a longer period of clip. ( Jabbar, Iqbal et Al. 2006 ) For illustration, it was found on the islands of Greece that sheep dosed merely two or three times yearly, still incurred opposition over a figure of old ages. ( Coles, Papadopoulos et Al. 1995 ) The rate at which the opposition builds up depends on several facets. The most important include the frequence of worms in refugia, the figure of of course immune worms within the untreated host population and the survival ability of the opposition worms when faced with a drug onslaught. ( Coles 2005 ) . Geneticss besides play a cardinal function in finding the rate of opposition. As with any trait if the cistron is dominant it will be passed on to progeny at a faster rate than if the cistron was recessionary. This has been seen within the opposition cistrons of Haemonchus contortus, against both levamisole and ivermectin, where they demonstrate either a recessive or a dominant nature, severally. ( Sangster, Redwin et Al. 1998 ; Le Jambre, Gill et al. 2000 ) When dosing animate beings, the drug should choose for the dominantly familial resistant worms intending the recessively familial resistant worms will last. This will cut down the rate at which opposition occurs. ( Prichard 1990 ) Many of the GI roundworms have built up either individual or multiple signifiers of opposition against the drugs used for intervention and control. The mechanism against each of the categories differs, due to the manner of action of the drugs themselves. As Haemonchus contortus and Trichostrongylus colubrifoemis are used to show the opposition of mechanism benzimidazole. The immune cistrons occur from two separate beta tubulin loci isotype-1 where allelomorphs are lost. ( Roos, Kwa et Al. 1995 ) There are a figure of trials that can be used to show opposition, runing from fecal egg count decrease trial ( FECRT ) to PCR. Trials can be specific to a category of vermifuges or used with any of the groups. ( Coles, Jackson et Al. 2006 ) . Trials fall three chief classs ; public presentation based, in vivo and in vitro. ( Jabbar, Iqbal et Al. 2006 ; Kenyon, Greer et Al. 2009 ) A combination of epidemiological and public presentation ratings can be utilised to observe anthelminthic opposition. Livestock weights can be used as indexs for worm loads, as weight addition diminutions if there is a heavy infection. This is seen with sheep infected with gastrointsetinal roundworms, particulary with lambs where weight falls prior to any clinical symptons. ( Coop, Sykes et Al. 1977 ) There are two methods used which rely on weight addition or loss. ( Kenyon, Greer et Al. 2009 ) . Although in New Zealand, Teladorsagia spp was found to hold developed less opposition to intervention, when the heaviest 15 % of lambs were elminated from dosing during the graze season. ( Leathwick, Miller et al. 2006 ) This implies that the heavier lambs are of course infected with the parasite from the grazing land, and accordingly weight addition lessenings. As parasites are exposed less to the anthelminthic, opposition patterned advance slows. To quanitify this techneque, energy deposition and consumption are calucated.Environmental factors are taken into history when ciphering the energy. ( Greer, Kenyon et Al. 2009 ) As environmental factors are taken into history, intervention efficaciousness values can be applied throughout the twelvemonth, within and out of the graze season.Individuals are so predicted their weight addition and intervention is given whether or non weight addition is expected. ( Kenyon, Greer et Al. 2009 ) . In vivo trial are any which require the carnal itself and include fecal egg decrease trials, critical vermifuges trials and the controlled vermifuges efficaciousness trial. ( Jabbar, Iqbal et Al. 2006 ) FECRT can be used on any of course infected carnal casting fecal roundworm eggs, against any anthelminthic. Faecal egg counts are taken prior to intervention and once more one time intervention is administered. A comparing can so be made to find whether the egg counts are affected by the anthelminthic. ( Coles, Bauer et Al. 1992 ) . The clip between disposal and mensurating the fecal egg count can change, depending on the drug used. For illustration if levismisole or morantel are given the FECRT should be conducted seven yearss after intervention as the drugs are fast moving. However if a benzimidazole is administered, egg counts should be performed eight to ten yearss after the intervention. This group of drugs along with the avermectins/ milbemycins, has a impermanent sterilising action on female worms intending the females can non bring forth eggs. ( Coles 2003 ) When an avermectin is administered the sheep should be left for about two and half hebdomads. If all three groups are t ested for at one time attention demands to be taken, as if the fecal counts are left until three hebdomads after intervention so larvae caught station disposal may develop into mature grownups. ( Coles 2005 ) To number the figure of existent eggs found in sheep fecal matters, the McMaster method affecting centrifuging and repairing slides, can be used, nevertheless a more convenient on-farm method has been developed. The FECPAK uses a system of thining the fecal mixture and adding a salt solution, eventually being sieved to be so fixed on the slide. The technique tests nematode eggs to a sensitiveness of 30 eggs per gm, although, it is non every bit sensitive as the research lab method. ( Coles 2003 ) . The cardinal advantage to this technique is that it non merely has an on-farm FECRT, but it works with all of the anthelminthic groups. ( Coles 2005 ) It can be besides used as an index of what type of anthelminthic flock government should be practiced ( Leathwick, Waghorn et Al. 2006 ) .However, the trial merely reviews the figure of eggs found in fecal matters samples. The vermifuges efficaciousness will non be an accurate representation of the true figure of worms, including larvae, populating in the host. ( Jabbar, Iqbal et Al. 2006 ) . In most species of roundworms this is the instance, although it has been found that Haemonchus contortus bears a strong correlativity between its fecal egg counts and true worm loads. ( Sangster, Whitlock et Al. 1979 ; Chalmers 1985 ) . In countries where multiple species of worm infections occur, the high worm and egg production of Haemonchus contortus can mask Numberss of other worms such as Teladorsagia circumcincta, which has a lower egg produ ction rate but still may hold a degree of opposition. ( Kenyon, Greer et Al. 2009 ) . Resistance ideally needs to be detected at the early phases to avoid it distributing across the flock population. ( Sangster and Gill 1999 ) Although FECPAK is available on the market, most FECRT require research lab analysis, so the consequence takes clip to be evaluated. ( Kenyon, Greer et Al. 2009 ) . Within the period in which the husbandman may be expecting the analysis, the flock may endure if the worm load is big. The husbandman will non may non merely lose stock but the finicky costs of intervention may increase. Resistance is detected if either of the followers are established ; the 95 % confident interval degree peers or is less than 90 % , and if the egg count decrease is less than 95 % . ( Coles, Bauer et Al. 1992 ) . The critical anthelminthic trial has a strong advantage of that, although few animate beings are used, they act as their ain control. The process compares the figure of worms present station intervention to the figure in the animate beings post slaughter review. Faecal samples are taken for a lower limit of four yearss after the drug is administered. Both the residuary worm Numberss and the efficaciousness per centum are so determined. ( Gordon 1950 ) . The chief disadvantage of this trial nevertheless, is that it the worm Numberss can merely of all time be estimated as roundworms found in the GI piece of land of sheep undergo a grade of digestion. ( Reinecke 1962 ) . The trial is both clip and labor consuming, intending the consequences are non instant for finding the needed intervention. ( Johansen 1989 ) . The last in vivo trial, which can find anthelminthic opposition, is the controlled anthelminthic efficaciousness trial. Animals here are unnaturally infected with roundworms that are suspected of being opposition to specific drugs. The anthelminthic activity of all phases of the parasite development can be evaluated by butchering the hosts at different intervals post-treatment. ( Reinecke 1962 ) . Resistance is found when the figure of worms, which survived the intervention, is greater than a 1000 or if the decrease figure is less than 90 % . Normally ranges of anthelminthic doses are used, intending dose-response parametric quantities can be determined. Although assorted parasites can used with this technique, in bred lines of animate beings are normally used to extinguish any single prejudice. A major disadvantage with this trial is that it requires skilled personal to execute station mortem scrutiny, connoting that it can non be routinely used for sensing of anthelminthic opposition. ( Johansen 1989 ) . In vitro techniques are one those conducted in the research lab. These techneques exploit physiological traits of the roundworm such as growing, motion and development. ( Conder and Campbell 1995 ) . Compared to in vivo techneques, in vitro are cheaper, utilizing fewer animate beings and chemicals to prove are big sample. Non-bias reproduction can be performed, with hastiness, to measure the efficaciousness and opposition of drugs. However in general, labaoraory surveies are do non resemnle field conditions, intending the drug may interact otherwise with the parasite and host. ( Sangster and Gill 1999 ) . The egg hatch trial is the most common in vitro trial, specifically observing the opposition of benzimidazoles. ( Coles, Bauer et Al. 1992 ) . There are legion methods which can be used, all trusting on the vermifuge s ovicidal trait and for the eggs to hold a grade of opposition. The development of the eggs is depressed within the early phases of development due to the larvae going non-compliment to the anthelminthic ovicidal action. ( Lejambre 1976 ) . The technique was foremost illustrated by Le Jambre ( 1976 ) . Fresh sheep fecal matters incorporating roundworm eggs are collected. This is one of the disadvantages, as when applied on the field, fecal samples may non be excreted within three hours, which is what defines a sample as fresh. If this is non executable samples may be stored anaerobically. ( Coles, Bauer et Al. 1992 ) . A cardinal advantage of this method if that merely one fecal sample is needed. ( Jabbar, Iqbal et Al. 2006 ) . Once the facecal samples are collected, egg are deposited into welled home bases and a graduation of anthelminthic concentrations are added. Using assorted concentrations prevents more than 50 % of the eggs hatching. Eggs are than incubated and so put through a procedure of I lavation. The dosage needed to kill 50 % of the eggs is so calculated. ( Coles, Bauer et Al. 1992 ) . The discrimintating dosage is can besides be calculated. This prevents 99 % of the eggs hatching and hence any eggs that do hatch are immune to the drug. 0.1mg per milliliter of thiabendazole has been found to be the discriminating dosage for Haemonchus contorus, T. Circumcincta and Trichostrongylus. ( Coles, Jackson et Al. 2006 ) . Although merely one sample of fecal matters is needed, undeveloped eggs are needed for the nosologies. ( Coles and Simpkin 1977 ) Newer benzimidazoles, such as fenbendazole, have a lower solubility, which reduces their ovicidal action. The egg hatch trial, hence, can non be used to research opposition of some specific drugs. This can present as a job as the new found benzimidazoles are normally used in pattern. ( Lacey and Prichard 1986 ) . Although this is a important disadvantage of the method, thiabendazole ( Jabbar, Iqbal et Al. 2006 ) , which can be used in the trial, has demonstrated to hold side opposition wth other benzimidazoles, so any opposition found in thiabendazole may be applied to other drugs of this category. ( Martin, Anderson et Al. 1985 ) Another concern of the egg hatch trial occurs during the numeration of the eggs. Larvae, embryonated eggs and simple larvae are counted to cipher about the effects of the drug. Merely a little proportion of the embryonated eggs of the vulnerable roundworms, hatched. The proportion that hatched decreased when the drug concentration increased. However, when looking at the immune strains, the bulk of the eggs hatched. When the per centum of the eggs that hatched is calculated, the opposition ratio will be lower, when compared to when the larvae or embryonated eggs are counted. The ratio of opposition is the egg count opposition to the egg count susceptibleness. ( Johansen 1989 ) Although the trial is fast, taking merely one to three yearss, European research lab egg hatch testings, frequently result in assorted decisions being drawn from the same population of Haemonchus contortus. The analysis established that the H2O samples, cleaniness and trying method used, differed. ( Coles, Jackson et Al. 2006 ) . Egg hatch trials are besides used utilizing levamisole, where the figure of hatches are counted to use any differences between both immune and vulnerable strains. Their rate of recovery from paralysed unhatched larvae to hatching is measured when exposed to the drug. ( Dobson, Donald et al. 1986 ) The check is faster than for benzimidazoles ; nevertheless, the levamisole trial is more labour demanding. ( Johansen 1989 ) . Both FECRT and the egg hatch trial merely demonstrate anthelminthic opposition when any bar methods are excessively late to implement. ( Jabbar, Iqbal et Al. 2006 ) . The larval palsy trial is used against levamisole and morantel opposition. ( Martin and Lejambre 1979 ) The technique involves L3 phase larvae being incubated within assorted dilutions of the vermifuges. Assorted reappraisals have been reported about this method, proposing both failures and success. The chief issue of concern is the dependability of th consequences and their relationship to the age of the larvae. ( Geerts, Brandt et Al. 1989 ; Jabbar, Iqbal et Al. 2006 ) This trial is known to back up in vivo method, as it is more sensitive than either FECRT and EHT, observing opposition in less than 10 % of worms. ( Dobson, Lejambre et Al. 1996 ) Another in vitro trial used to show anthelminthic opposition is the larval development check. This trial can measure a wider spectrum of categories integrating macrocyclic lactones, nevertheless it does necessitate more clip and labor so antecedently described trials. The trial involves exposure of the L1 larvae to assorted diltutions of drugs within agar home bases. The larvae are left to develop until the L3 phase is reached, and so later measured. ( Jabbar, Iqbal et Al. 2006 ) . When proving an infection with multiple roundworm species, the different species can be detected easy with this technique compared to other methods discussed. ( Johansen 1989 ) A more specific trial used in the sensing of anthelminthic reistance within Trichostrogylid is the grownup development trial. Unfortunately there are restrictions within the methodological analysis of the technique and so advancement is resitricted. ( Jabbar, Iqbal et Al. 2006 ) The larval motility trial is used to place opposition within the two major categories of vermifuges, but fails to effectual with the sensing of levamisole opposition. ( Sangster, Riley et Al. 1988 ) . Again as the trial used complexed equipment, it can merely be applied to the labaortory and non used out in pattern. ( Conder and Campbell 1995 ) . The technique involves dosing the roundworms with dilutions of the anthelminthic drug, followed by the percebtage of the paralysed L3 phase larvae being calculated. Normally both a known susceptible and immune strain of the parsites are used for a comparing to be deduced. ( Johansen 1989 ) A cardinal advantage of this technique is the usage of L3 larave. These be acquired easy in big Numberss from faceal samples and abled to be stored for longer periods of clip. Unforuntaly the trial has some major drawbacks. The check is extremely dependent on clip, whereby any miscounted larvae can non be kept for future computations one time out of storage. ( Johansen 1989 ) . As the benzimidazole s mechanism is to adhere to beta tubulins, a technique has been developed to prove resistant utilizing this alone belongings of the drug. From either the grownup parasites, morbific larvae or egg, a rough infusion of tubulin is produced. Titrated benzimidazole ( with label ) is added, until an equilibrium is reached. ( Lacey and Snowdon 1988 ) . Charcocal is used to pull out the drug in its free signifier, go forthing the bound drug to the tubulin infusion withn the solotuion. An appraisal is so made with a complex liquid spectrometer. As predicted the tubulin from immune strains binds to fewer drug compounds than the more vulnerable strains. ( Johansen 1989 ) . An advantage of the tubulin bindning check, is that it relies on the biochemical traits of the drugs s mechanism. Compared to other in vitro techniques it used in a more dependable comparing with field based trials, every bit good as holding a speedy turnaround from the gathered sample to the consequence. However complexed research lab machines are still used by skilled workers, together with radioactive isotopes, necessitating specialised safety installations. ( Johansen 1989 ) . PCR, otherwise known as polymerase concatenation reaction trials, have been developed for benzimidazoles chiefly but research is trying to understand the molecular mechanism for levamisole and macrocylic lactones. To come on into any of the trial discusses above, a PCR will hold been conducted against the particlaur drug in usage. ( Coles, Jackson et Al. 2006 ) . First, for a PCR trial to be conducted, DNA is extracted from the larvae. A specific concentration is needed per micro bath, as any varioation between them may take to incorrect DNA sequences being developed. For the peculiar acknowledgment of the benzimidazole, two consecutive PCRs are ran on the isotope beta tubulin, magnifying the Deoxyribonucleic acid. The species of parasite is so established by utilizing the this fragment analysis. For illustration Haemonchus contortu or T. Circumcincat may be found. This is a cardinal advantage of PCR, as with other trial the visual aspect of the species is used to set up its individuality PCR, hence used an accurate method of placing the species by its genome. ( Coles, Jackson et Al. 2006 ) . Following this designation, in entire four sets of primers are used, two being allele non-specific, the others being allele particular. Fragments are so produced, separating between either resistant or vulnerable homozygote strains. ( Coles, Jackson et A l. 2006 ) . When four primers of benzimidazole opposition were used, positive consequences were obtained with the parasite T.circumcinta. Similar consequences were found utilizing merely three immune primers with H. Contortus and T.colubriformis ( Silvestre and Humbert 2000 ) . When used in the field, the gathered sample will frequently be a assorted population of roundworms. The frequence of which the allelomorphs will happen will straight depend on the fraction of the roundworm within the entire population. ( Coles, Jackson et Al. 2006 ) . The trial proves that both the homozygote and heterozygote allelomorphs are vulnerable to the drug, connoting that opposition arises from homozygous of the tyrosine. As benzimidazole opposition in Trichostrongylus is to a great extent researched utilizing this trial, it has been established that the resisatance occurred due to a mutant of phenylalanine to tyrosine of the isotope 1 cistron encoding for the beta tubulin. It was utilizing this footing that that the usage of PCR to observe drug opposition in gastro intestinal of sheep Cam about. Although in theory, this appears to be the most accurate, the mutants of parasite doing the drug resistant must be known. The greater the possibility of nematode mutating to go more residtant, such as within sheep, the more inaccurate PCR will go. Unfortunately, nevertheless, in some instances this is the lone opposition detection technique for some benzimidazoles. Compared to other trial available on the market, PCR is an expenisive trial to use to observe on-farm resisatnce. ( Coles, Jackson et Al. 2006 ) . Kwa M.S. , Veenstra, J.G. and Roos, M.H. , 1994. Benzimidazole opposition in Haemonchus contortus is correlated with a conserved mutant at amino acid 200 in B A ; z.eth ; -tubulin isotype 1. Mol. Biochem. Parasitol. 63, pp. 299-303 The most common molecular mechanism that confers BZ opposition in trichostrongyles in little ruminants involves a phenylalanine to tyrosine mutant at residue 200 of the isotype 1 b-tubulin cistron ( Kwa et al. , 1994, 1995 ; Elard et al. , 1996, 1999 ) . However, in add-on a similar mutant at codon 167 may be involved in BZ opposition in roundworms ( Prichard, 2001 ; Pape et al. , 2003 ) and there could be other specific mechanisms. Although ailing efficient, non-specific mechanisms such as drug conveyance may besides confabulate opposition ( Xu et al. , 1998 ; Kerboeuf et al. , 1999 ) and could even confabulate advantage to a worm when a fresh drug is introduced. The cardinal issue is that merely when a diagnosing based on utilizing pooled larval DNA samples can be obtained will it be possible to convey molecular immune proving to routine usage. Testing of representative Numberss of individual phases is prohibitively expensive. Besides the available molecular trials chiefly address opposition in species where the job is widespread and in some instances may be excessively common to warrant testing. Conclusion-8.3. coles-The sensing of anthelminthic opposition in roundworms of veterinary importance Larval development trial There are presently two larval development trials of involvement, the liquid based trial described by Hubert and Kerbouf ( 1992 ) and the agar based trial of Gill et al. ( 1995 ) . Is one easier to utilize than the other? Whilst they appear to work for BZs and LEV in ovine and equid roundworms they do non look to work with MLs and have non been produced for usage with bovine roundworms. As for the EHT big sums of informations demands to be collected before a SOP and its readings can be agreed. In peculiar the relationship needs to be determined between these standardised trials and the FECRT. Although the LDT will work for BZ opposition, it appears non to be as Chalmers, K. ( 1985 ) . Detection of Benzimidazole Resistant Nematodirus-Spathiger. New Zealand Veterinary Journal 33 ( 4 ) : 53-53. Kales, G. ( 2003 ) . Strategies to understate anthelminthic opposition in big carnal practice. In Practice 25 ( 8 ) : 494-499. Kales, G. C. ( 2005 ) . Anthelmintic resistance-looking to the hereafter: a UK perspective. Research in Veterinary Science 78 ( 2 ) : 99-108. Kales, G. C. , C. Bauer, et al. ( 1992 ) . World-Association-for-the-Advancement-of-Veterinary-Parasitology ( Waavp ) Methods for the Detection of Anthelmintic Resistance in Nematodes of Veterinary Importance. Veterinary Parasitology 44 ( 1-2 ) : 35-44. Kales, G. C. , F. Jackson, et al. ( 2006 ) . The sensing of anthelminthic opposition in roundworms of veterinary importance. Veterinary Parasitology 136 ( 3-4 ) : 167-185. Kales, G. C. , E. Papadopoulos, et al. ( 1995 ) . Tubulin, Resistance and Worms. Parasitology Today 11 ( 5 ) : 183-184. Kales, G. C. and K. G. Simpkin ( 1977 ) . Resistance of Nematode Eggs to Ovicidal Activity of Benzimidazoles. Research in Veterinary Science 22 ( 3 ) : 386-387. Conder, G. A. and W. C. Campbell ( 1995 ) . Chemotherapy of Nematode Infections of Veterinary Importance, with Particular Reference to Drug-Resistance. Advances in Parasitology, Vol 35 35: 1-84. Coop, R. L. , A. R. Sykes, et al. ( 1977 ) . The consequence of a day-to-day consumption of Ostertagia circumcincta larvae on organic structure weight, nutrient consumption and concentration of serum components in sheep. Res Vet Sci 23 ( 1 ) : 76-83. Dobson, R. J. , A. D. Donald, et al. ( 1986 ) . An Egg-Hatch Assay for Resistance to Levamisole in Trichostrongyloid Nematode Parasites. Veterinary Parasitology 19 ( 1-2 ) : 77-84. Dobson, R. J. , L. Lejambre, et al. ( 1996 ) . Management of anthelminthic opposition: Inheritance of opposition and choice with relentless drugs. International Journal for Parasitology 26 ( 8-9 ) : 993-1000. Geerts, S. , J. Brandt, et al. ( 1989 ) . Reliability and Reproducibility of the Larval Paralysis Test as an Invitro Method for the Detection of Anthelmintic Resistance of Nematodes against Levamisole and Morantel Tartrate. Veterinary Parasitology 30 ( 3 ) : 223-232. Gordon, H. M. ( 1950 ) . Some facets of parasitic gastro-enteritis of sheep. Aust Vet J 26 ( 4 ) : 65-72. Greer, A. W. , F. Kenyon, et al. ( 2009 ) . Development and field rating of a determination support theoretical account for anthelminthic interventions as portion of a targeted selective intervention ( TST ) government in lambs. Veterinary parasitology 164 ( 1 ) : 12-20. Jabbar, A. , Z. Iqbal, et al. ( 2006 ) . Anthelmintic opposition: the province of drama revisited. Life Sci 79 ( 26 ) : 2413-31. Johansen, M. V. ( 1989 ) . An rating of techniques used for the sensing of anthelminthic opposition in nematode parasites of domestic livestock. Vet Res Commun 13 ( 6 ) : 455-66. Kenyon, F. , A. W. Greer, et al. ( 2009 ) . The function of targeted selective interventions in the development of refugia-based attacks to the control of GI roundworms of little ruminants. Veterinary Parasitology 164 ( 1 ) : 3-11. Kenyon, F. , A. W. Greer, et al. ( 2009 ) . The function of targeted selective interventions in the development of refugia-based attacks to the control of GI roundworms of little ruminants. Vet Parasitol 164 ( 1 ) : 3-11. Lacey, E. and R. K. Prichard ( 1986 ) . Interactions of Benzimidazoles ( Bz ) with Tubulin from Bz-Sensitive and Bz-Resistant Isolates of Haemonchus-Contortus. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 19 ( 2 ) : 171-181. Lacey, E. and K. L. Snowdon ( 1988 ) . A Routine Diagnostic Assay for the Detection of Benzimidazole Resistance in Parasitic Nematodes Using Tritiated Benzimidazole Carbamates. Veterinary Parasitology 27 ( 3-4 ) : 309-324. Le Jambre, L. F. , J. H. Gill, et al. ( 2000 ) . Inheritance of avermectin opposition in Haemonchus contortus. International Journal for Parasitology 30 ( 1 ) : 105-111. Leathwick, D. M. , C. M. Miller, et al. ( 2006 ) . Drenching grownup Ewe: deductions of anthelminthic interventions pre-and post-lambing on the development of anthelminthic resistance. N Z Vet J 54 ( 6 ) : 297-304. Leathwick, D. M. , T. S. Waghorn, et al. ( 2006 ) . Selective and on-demand soaking of lambs: Impact on parasite populations and public presentation of lambs. New Zealand Veterinary Journal 54 ( 6 ) : 305-312. Lejambre, L. F. ( 1976 ) . Egg Hatch as an Invitro Assay of Thiabendazole Resistance in Nematodes. Veterinary Parasitology 2 ( 4 ) : 385-391. Martin, P. J. , N. Anderson, et al. ( 1985 ) . Resistance to Benzimidazole Anthelmintics in Field Strains of Ostertagia and Nematodirus in Sheep. Australian Veterinary Journal 62 ( 2 ) : 38-43. Martin, P. J. and L. F. Lejambre ( 1979 ) . Larval Paralysis as an Invitro Assay of Levamisole and M

You could put any title you want Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

You could put any title you want - Essay Example In the process, it permeates into six dimensions of a nation, namely, politics, culture, technology, finance and trade, national security, and ecology; eventually leading to disappearance of boundaries between these dimensions between different nations (Wells, 2004; p.181). As globalization is a process that has been occurring all over the world, different meanings and definitions have been created based on how people in different regions of the world relate to the changes it brings. In a holistic view, globalization’s reach and spread can be seen in all the six dimensions described by Friedman; however, its intensity, effect, and time vary in different regions of the world. For instance, impact of globalization is seen to be greater on the leading capitalist nations. The process has primarily impacted industrial, financial, economic, political, judicial, ecological, health-related and sociocultural aspects of nations of the world. In addition to these, its secondary effect can be seen in the form of inward and/or outward shift of skill set, knowledge base, talent and craftsmanship through continuous movement of human capital, mostly from developing and underdeveloped nations to the developed nations. Movement of many production and service industries during the last 2 to 3 decades has been in the opposite direction, i.e., from developed nations to others. The primary and secondary impacts are interrelated with each other. Considering impact of globalization on industries, researchers have attributed this to the rise of capitalist nations post Civil War (Sherman, 2005). Emerging corporations brought greater financial capital, economies of scale, and improved technology that gradually increased competition in the market. In order to sustain competitiveness, industries had to sort for means of profit maximization; this need resulted in further

Nintendo Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Nintendo - Case Study Example With that approach, they were able to streamline promotion and advertising into a single and consistent message. On the other hand, Nintendo was emphasizing on selective specialization, whereby they targeted both children and hardcore gamers. This kind of approach created confusion among Nintendo’s customers, because the two segments of the market had different needs that called for different messages in the advertisements for each segment. Customer satisfaction was, therefore, not achieved, and Nintendo needed to address that issue in order to reclaim its market share. Analysis of Case Data The main cause of the issue was Nintendo’s failure to invest in new technology. Key customers in the video game industry are in two categories: nontraditional children or teenagers, and the 18-35 year old serious gamers. The industry’s profits and revenues are realized from the second group that spends huge amounts of money and time sharpening their skills. Furthermore, they are tech-junkies, an aspect that Sony and Microsoft noticed. They targeted the segment and created games with high-speed, powerful processors. From the number of Playstation units sold, it can be determined that Sony managed to reach the target group. 120 million Playstations were sold by Sony, compared to only 20 million GameCubes by Nintendo. Data on market share shows that Nintendo was steadily dropping. Alternative Solutions The circumstances facing Nintendo dictated two major alternatives: either fight the competition to get back its market share or shift focus to other markets and avoid direct competition. If they chose to fight, it would have meant putting emphasis on hardcore gamers like Sony and Microsoft, and then attempt to beat them in performance terms. With the high cost of essential components in the manufacture of high performance video games, Nintendo would be forced to sell at a loss. Furthermore, their children-friendly themes was disadvantaged against the new market of M-rated and violent games. The other option was to focus on a different market segment that was not being served by Sony’s PlayStation or Microsoft’s Xbox. Determining and Establish Key Decision Criteria Key decision criteria should be based on a firm’s advantage in a segment, competitive environment, profitability, growth rate and size (Rusetski 211). These should be supported by an understanding of demographic trends, the significance of market segmentation and the uncertainties that are associated with a change of market targets. Viewing the market differently, it is possible to identify several other specialized segments. Nintendo was able to identify the casual and hardcore gamers. From the two available alternatives, Nintendo can either; invest more and fight for the hardcore segment that seems to be setting the trend in video games, with the risk of ending up in more losses; or take yet another risk and focus on the casual segment and the sub-segments found within the category, which also risks a re-launch failure. However, the casual segment provides a wider market that includes families, seniors, women and children. Evaluation of the Alternatives While the pressure from the competition seems minimal in the casual segment, there is uncertainty in profitability, growth rate and size, even with Nintendo’s image being family-friendly. This is bec ause it cannot be known for sure whether the video game adoption process has reached a point of early and late majority buyers being ready to be members of the gaming society, yet they make upto 65 percent of the market. In the same way, the casual segment’s growth rate is not known. The greatest risk lies in the segment’